Aspen University Putting It All Together Modules Nursing Theories Presentation
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Assignment:
Putting It All Together
Create a PowerPoint presentation that addresses each of the following points/questions. Be sure to completely answer all the questions for each bullet point. Use clear headings that allow your professor to know which bullet you are addressing on the slides in your presentation. Support your content with at least two (2) sources and the textbook using APA citations throughout your presentation. Make sure to cite the sources using the APA writing style for the presentation. Include a slide for your references at the end. Follow best practices for PowerPoint presentations related to text size, color, images, effects, wordiness, and multimedia enhancements. Review the Signature Assignment rubric criteria for this assignment.
This week, you will develop a PowerPoint presentation reviewing the theories from each module. Please select one theory from each module (1-8) and answer the following questions. You should have 2-4 slides per theory with a total of 8 theories discussed.
Peplau and Orem
Aspen University
Amelia Wesseh
Dr. Mueller
07/05/2021
Objectives
• To provide a definition and application of Peplau’s model in nursing-patient
relationship.
• To provide an example of the application of Peplau’s theory.
• To define Orem’s nursing theory .
• To describe the composition of Orem’s nursing theory.
• An example of application of Orem’s theory in nursing.
Hildegard Peplau
•
•
•
•
•
Hildegard Elizabeth Peplau was born in 1902
She studied at Smith College and then got her MA at
Columbia University.
In 1929, she became the assistant director of the
Institute of Child Welfare at University of California and
then later became a professor there.
Peplau also led the development of one of the most
widely used classification systems for mental disorders,
called DSM-III (DSM-IV).
In 1953, Peplau was appointed to UCLA’s Department of
Social Relations as a member of the faculty with tenure.
She was named chairman of the Department in 1963.
Career Timeline
•
•
•
•
Hildegard Elizabeth Peplau was the first American woman to receive a PhD in
psychology.
Peplau’s research on “relationship styles” during the 1950s led to her development
of her “interpersonal theory.”
According to the theory, people are evaluated in terms of their own individual
qualities, and not by those of their partners.
In 1946 she wrote the first book on social psychiatry that would explore the effects
of social relationships on mental health.
Peplau’s theory
• In 1952, Peplau published the theory of Interpersonal Relations.
• Interpersonal modus operandi became the root of psychiatric nursing in 1968.
• Peplau’s theory is composed of four components:
1. Person
2. Health
3. Environment
4. Nursing
Phases of Peplau’s Theory
• The nursing model proposed four phases when it comes to interpersonal
relationship:
The Orientation Phase
• It mainly focuses on the identification of the needs of the client.
• It is the period during which the nurse first meets with the client and the
goals to be met are set.
• The primary aim of the orientation phase is to build respect and trust
between the client and the nurse.
• The phase also determines the roles and limitations of each of the parties
during their interaction.
The Identification Phase
• During this phase, the client starts to identify problems that are to be dealt
with in the relationship.
• At this point, the nurse is required to help the patient identify their
responsibility to self.
• It is at this point that the patient begins to feel like they are responsible for
themselves.
• The patient starts losing the feeling of hopelessness and helplessness.
The Exploitation Phase
•
•
•
•
This phase involves professional assistance that nurses are required to render to their
clients.
While the nurse may be required to render professional assistance at this point, they are
required to provide their clients with the available alternatives to their problems.
The professional services employed in this phase are also dependent on the interests and
patient needs.
To properly communicate with the patient, the nurse is required to exercise interview
techniques to get to understand the underlying problem the patient is suffering.
The Resolution Phase
•
•
•
•
The resolution phase is the last phase and involves termination of the connection
between the nurse and patient.
The patient does not need the nurse as they can take care of themselves without
requiring help from a third party.
It is an evaluation phase to determine what goals have been achieved during the
patient’s stay.
It is unprofessional to provide the client with the slightest of hint that the
relationship is bound to continue.
A Current Practice Example of application of
Peplau’s Theory
•
•
I am going to consider a patient with cervical vertebra fracture who presented themselves
to me at the hospital. While the patient wanted to ambulate but was, I explained to him the
need for bedrest considering their situation and the pain he was undergoing. After setting
up the relationship with my client , I assessed him and moved to the identification phase.
During the identification phase, my patient wanted relief from pain and begin moving. At
this point, we developed a progressive mobility plan which would be accompanied by pain
management and home care after discharge. During the first trials, I assisted him to the
bathroom and back while they endured some of the pain. With more practice, my patient
continued exercises and soon became independent. This progress sent my patient to the
resolution phase.
A Current Practice Example of application of
Peplau’s Theory cont…
•
•
•
•
The resolution phase of my patient was the last which was marked his mobility
independence.
At this point, my patient assures me that he will continue the exercises at home
and that they could handle the little pain that they were experiencing.
After agreeing to partake the home physical therapy and set the dates for hos
appointments to check the progress, it was about time he was discharged.
After discharging, the nurse-patient relationship we had established came to an
end.
Dorothea Orem
•
•
•
•
Dorothy Elizabeth Orem was born in 1914 .
She was a nursing theorist who is well known for the creation of the self-care deficit
nursing theory (Orem model of nursing).
Orem earned her diploma in nursing from Province Hospital School of Nursing.
In 1939, she earned a Bachelor of Science in Nursing Education from Catholic University of
America.
• In 1945, she gained a Master of Science in Nursing Education from the same university.
• The three parts that consist Orem’s model of nursing are:
1. Theory of self care
2. Theory of self care deficit
3. Theory of nursing system
Orem’s Theory
Theory of Self-Care
•
•
•
Self care refers to the exercise initiated and performed by individuals personally in maintaining health, life, and wellbeing.
The theory of self care, therefore, lays an emphasis on the activities that persons perform on their own behalf without the
help of a third party.
Primarily, the theory is associated with the actions we perform to maintain our lives and develop a correct health
condition.
• Actions directed towards self care delivery are known as self care requisites and are composed of three categories:
1. Developmental self care requisites
2. Universal self care requisites
3. Health deviation self care requisites
Theory of Self-care deficit
•
According to this theory, nursing help is required since one is unable or limited to care for
themselves.
• According to Orem, there are five methods of helping those who are incapable of helping
themselves. These are:
1. Providing guidance to others
2. Doing for others
3. Providing support to each other
4. Teaching one another
5. Providing an environment that meets future demands
Theory of nursing system
• The theory defines the way patient needs will be fulfilled.
• To meet the self care requisites, Orem classifies the nursing system inti
three:
1.
2.
3.
Wholly compensatory system
Partly compensatory system
Supportive-educative system.
Example of Orem’s Theory of Nursing
•
•
One of the most common nursing practices that would be connected to Orem’s
nursing theory is enhancing patient education on bladder management. Promoting
bladder management is essential before and after a client undergoes surgery. This
can be related to Orem’s nursing model as it is important to promote nursing care
to a urinary diversion patient.
In cases where a patient needs a nurse assistance, there is need to develop a care
plan to ensure their needs are adequately met. The end results of involving a nurse
in self care will always improve the quality of life regardless of the level of care a
patient needs.
References
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fernandes, S., & Naidu, S. (2017). Promoting Participation in Self Care Management among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: An Application of Peplau’s Theory of
Interpersonal Relationships’. International Journal of Nursing Education, 9(4), 129-134.
Hagerty, T. A., Samuels, W., Norcini-Pala, A., & Gigliotti, E. (2017). Peplau’s theory of interpersonal relations: An alternate factor structure for patient experience
data?. Nursing science quarterly, 30(2), 160-167.
Hosseinzadeh, M., Mahdavi, N., Valizadeh, S., Fooladi, M. M., Rahmani, F., Ghanouni, F., & Aghajari, P. (2019). Self-care behavior and self-care agency in lowering salt
consumption in hypertensive older patients based on Orem’s self-care theory. Social Health and Behavior, 2(3), 89.
Ikafa, I. N., & Holmes, C. A. (2020). Empowering migrants during the resettlement process: applying Peplau’s theory of interpersonal relations. Mental Health
Practice, 23(5).
Ogoncho, I. M., Sanga, P., & Halake, D. G. (2017). Case Management of Substance Induced Psychosis Using Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations.
Xu, X., Han, J., Li, Y., Sun, X., Lin, P., Chen, Y., … & Sun, W. (2020). Effects of Orem’s self-care model on the life quality of elderly patients with hip fractures. Pain
Research and Management, 2020.
Younas, A. (2017). A foundational analysis of dorothea orem’s self-care theory and evaluation of its significance for nursing practice and research. Creative
Nursing, 23(1), 13-23.
Orlando 1950s and 1960s
Amelia Wesseh
Aspen University
Concepts and Theories in Nursing LMUS N491
Dr. Mueller
07/12/2021
Objectives
To develop questions for caring of Sam and Susan based on Orlando’s Theory
To develop a care plan for Sam’s family using Orlando perspective
To explore the occurrences in the United States during 1950s and 1960s
To discuss the nursing changes during the period
To discuss the influential achievements in nursing theory during the period
Major Concepts in Orlando’s Theory
There are five nursing concepts displayed by the theory, as indicated
below:
Professional
Presented
Nursing Functions – Organizing Principle
behaviors – Problematic situations
Immediate
reactions – Internal Responses
Discipline in
the nursing process – investigations
Improvement
– Resolutions (Felicilda-Reynaldo & Smith, 2017)
Professional Nursing Functions
Organizing Principle
This aspect of Orlando’s Theory focuses on:
Identifying and
Responding
providing immediate needs of a patient for help
to a patient when he or she displays signs of helplessness
Providing
direct support and assistance despite the setting
Involving
people, health, and the environment
Presenting Behaviors
Problematic situations
The problematic situation entails:
Recognizing the
Identifying the
Presenting
scenario as being problematic
immediate needs of a patient who is in a problem
behavior (example of crying for help) is perceived to be the stimulus
The
Stimulus creates an automatic internal response to the nursing professional
The
internal response makes the patient respond (Sayik et al., 2019)
Immediate Reactions
Internal Responses
The perception of a patient is based on the five senses
The perception stimulates automatic thoughts
The thoughts stimulate automatic feelings
The feelings make the patient respond
The patient’s response determines the nurse-patient relationship
Discipline in the Nursing Process
Investigations
The aspects considered in the investigation include:
Identifying the
Discussing
The
needs of a patient
the patient’s need with the patient
nursing professionals validate their reactions with the patient
Determining
the patient’s feelings on the nurse’s actions
Collaborating with
the patient in developing an action plan
Improvement
Resolutions
This aspect focuses on:
Ensuring
that the situation has improved
Evaluating the
Utilizing the
results obtained from the nurse’s actions
evaluation for learning
Case Study
A community nurse visited Susan and her father Sam one day in the Afternoon.
Susan had lost her months and had much worry and concern for her helpless
father.
Susan claimed that her brothers and sisters had left all the duties to her despite
her work and children
Her father does not want Susan to assist him in daily house chores though he
cannot manage by himself.
Sam was unable to talk to the nurse as he remained silent with tears flowing
down.
Questions for Caring for Susan and Sam according
to Orlando’s Theory
The necessary questions regarding Sam’s Condition based on Orlando’s Theory
include:
What
Has
are the most necessary immediate concerns or needs for Sam?
Sam sought counseling after the death of his wife?
Should
Can
a part-time caregiver be hired to help Sam?
the family members share responsibilities to take care of their dad?
Family Plan of Care from the Perspective of
Orlando
The aspects necessary for the family plan of care based on Orlando’s perspective
include:
Initiating a
conversation with Sam privately to understand his needs and
wants
Discussing
attending grief counseling after losing his wife
Conducting
a medical evaluation of Sam based on his behavior
Organizing a
discussed
family meeting for Sam’s condition and needs to be
Happenings in the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s
The 1950s and 1960s was the time of great change in the U.S., as evident by:
The
culture and religious upheaval
Political
Civil
The
Rights Movement
cold war that extended to 1991 (Twohig, 2018)
Increase
The
activist
in the rates of medical insurance
1966 Vietnam War
Introduction
of the first antibiotics (Streptomycin) and vaccines
Happenings in the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s
Cont’
Culture and Society
The introduction of television in the 1950s enhances the spread of cultural
beliefs and practices.
The
role of women as house-wives started to shift to the workforce
The
baby boom was experienced up to 1962 (Twohig, 2018)
Economic
prosperity significantly increased in the 1960s
Nursing Condition during the 1950s and 1960s
There were several occurrences in nursing in the 1950s and 1960s, as indicated below:
The
nursing shortage started due to increased injuries and illnesses
Nursing
professionals started specializing in various fields such as Intensive Care
Unit (ICU)
Nursing
Over
education programs increased in the 1960s
90% of nurses started working in hospitals
Advanced
practice nurse practitioners started offering primary care services.
Nursing Condition during the 1950s and 1960s
Dressing
Nurses wore ‘Golden Age’ uniforms characterized by:
White
and grey colored dresses
Hemlines
with shorter sleeves
White
stockings
Apron
and a pointed cap (Tobbell, 2018)
Most Influential Accomplishment in Nursing Theory
from the 1950s and 1960s
Orlando’s theory developed a foundation for nurses in research
New theories started to emerge from various theories
The theorist facilitate patient’s respect and autonomy among nurses
Holistic approach in the patient treatment started
The importance of enhancing the nurse-patient relationship was
realized.
References
Felicilda-Reynaldo, R. F., & Smith, L. (2017). Needs-Based Frameworks. Frameworks
for Advanced Nursing Practice and Research: Philosophies, Theories, Models, and
Taxonomies, 159.
Şayik, D., Acikgoz, A., & Yiğit, D. (2019). The Use of Orlando’s Interaction Theory in
Nursing Care Practice: Celiac Disease. Pediatric Practice and Research, 7(Ek), 259-263.
Tobbell, D. A. (2018). Nursing’s boundary work: Theory development and the making of
nursing science, ca. 1950–1980. Nursing research, 67(2), 63-73.
Twohig, P. L. (2018). The Second “Great Transformation”: Renegotiating Nursing
Practice in Ontario, 1945–70. Canadian Historical Review, 99(2), 169-195.
1
King’s Conceptual System Theory
Amelia Wesseh
Aspen University
Concepts and Theories in Nursing N491
Dr. Mueller
Date: 07/19/2021
2
Discussion and Explanation
Imogene King suggested and developed a conceptual system critical in focusing,
organizing, and using a nursing knowledge base between the 1960s and 1980s (Fronczek,
Rouhana, & Kitchin, 2017). King came up with the idea of developing a conceptual system
centered on three concepts she perceived as universal in nursing. The three concepts used in
developing the conceptual system theory were social, perception, and interpersonal systems. In
King’s conceptual system theory, she developed a relationship between the three universal
concepts and their existing relationships in focus, organization, and nursing knowledge to
improve patients’ outcomes (Adib-Hajbaghery & Tahmouresi, 2018). According to the theory,
nurses are the focus of nursing practice. This theory establishes a framework that nurses can use
in the organization and use the available nursing knowledge concerning the four concepts vital in
nursing practice.
Explanation on the Three Systems
The three systems include personal system, interpersonal system, and social system. King
gave each system specific concepts to define their interactions. Conceptual system theory uses
the systems’ concepts in offering guidance towards building an unwavering nurse-patient
relationship to realize good health goals.
Personal System: King’s theory categorizes individuals as personal systems. Key examples of
individuals in a nursing environment are patients, patients’ family members, friends, nurses, and
3
other health care professionals. These individuals are in constant interaction with the
environment in which they operate or reside. King had an interest in the interactions that exist
between personal systems when developing the conceptual system theory. The interacting
concepts in a personal system are self, time, growth, body image, perception, space, and
development.
Interpersonal System: In the interpersonal system, King had an interest in the interaction between
people. The interaction can be dyad or triad depending on the number of people interacting in the
cycle. An interpersonal system that contains several interacting individuals can form a complex
interaction within a health care facility. The main concepts explained in an interpersonal system
include the role, communication, interaction, stressors, stress, and transactions. An example is a
dyad interaction between a nurse and a patient, in which King’s theory is concentrated.
Social system: This system encompasses large groups joined under a common interest. King
defined it as an organized boundary system of social roles, behaviors, and practices developed to
maintain values and the mechanisms to regulate the practice and rules (Fronczek, Rouhana, &
Kitchin, 2017). King identified the concepts of organization, authority, power, status, and
decision making as key in a health care environment. A dependable example of a social system is
a health care setting.
Personal, Interpersonal, and Social Systems’ Influence on Goal Attainment
King aligned goal attainment with a typical nursing process. Explaining how the
system influence’s goal attainment demands a look at goal attainment as the aim
of any nursing process.
4
According to King’s argument, humans must interact at their capacities under set
standards of practice guiding interactions between nurses and patients (Fronczek, Rouhana, &
Kitchin, 2017). In this respect, goal attainment integrates these systems in a nursing process,
which is the path towards goal attainment. The nursing process entails seven essential steps:
assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Goal attainment demands
personal, interpersonal, and social systems to realize better health outcomes at every stage of the
nursing process.
At the personal level, nurses and patients are the key individuals in a goal attainment
nursing process. Both nurses and patients interact with the different situations offered by the
hospital environment, and their interaction increases at the interpersonal level. King’s law of
nurse-patient interaction affirms that a nurse’s interaction with a patient occurs under the shared
presence and with a purpose. The shared presence affirms communication based on an
individual’s perceptions and valued goals as articulated by King (Fronczek, Rouhana, & Kitchin,
2017). Thus, every step in a nursing process, which is the backbone of goal attainment, centers
on the basic concepts of the systems. From the first step to the last step of the nursing process,
interaction must occur between nurses and patients.
How King’s Theory defines a Clinical Quality Problem
Researchers relate the definition of a problem with decision-making. A
successfully established decision-making process about a quality problem is
applicable in defining a similar clinical quality problem. There is a general
agreement among health care professionals that critical thinking is an integral part
of a decision-making process involved in a quality-related problem in a clinical
5
setting. Critical thinking is being conscious of thinking, synthesizing, analyzing,
evaluating, and applying intellectual skills (apprehension, judgment, and
reasoning) in finding solutions to clinical quality problems.
Finding a solution to clinical quality is an essential component of
professional accountability in nursing practice. In the past decades, educators
have focused significant attention on applying critical thinking in solving quality
problems in nursing practice. King’s theory also confirms that critical thinking is
an essential part of a decision-making process, dedicated towards a clinical
quality problem (Adib-Hajbaghery & Tahmouresi, 2018). According to King,
critical thinking has a definite relationship with essential mental acts of
apprehension, judgment, and reasoning, affecting communication, perception, and
interactions that lead to the transaction (Fronczek, Rouhana, & Kitchin, 2017).
Nonetheless, the description of critical thinking uses terms such as analyze,
verify, synthesize, and interpret, which are also fundamental in goal attainment
and the nursing process. Therefore, King’s theory can define a clinical quality
problem using the principles of critical thinking concerning the decision-making
process.
Application of the Theory in a Quality Improvement Initiative
A quality improvement initiative in health care mainly focuses on
improving patients’ outcomes. These programs involve various systematically
designed activities arranged and implemented by a health care facility to improve
the quality of care and affect overall patient outcomes. The application of
interactive systems has produced valuable results in several medical-surgical
6
wards that demand close patient interaction. In my clinical practice, I have applied
King’s interactive systems in reducing tension in the ward. For example, Mr. Bari,
a post-operational patient, constantly complained about the deterioration of his
health. Mr. Bari had successfully conducted knee surgery. To assist Mr. Bari, I
had to determine an area of possible mutual perception, and I inquired about his
views as a patient.
In clinical practice, a nurse must identify a common perception. In this scenario, Mr. Bari
hated functional exercises. Therefore, in my nursing capacity, we generated other goals that
ensured he developed no complications. We agreed on the favorable methods and goals aimed at
ensuring there are no further complications developed. King’s theory will be helpful in this
scenario since both of us will successfully achieve the set goals.
King’s Theory Application in a Quality Committee Setting
Setting a functional quality committee is a challenging exercise in several health care
facilities. However, King’s theory has been helpful for health care facilities in setting these
functional quality committees for decades now. According to King’s theory, all the systems
interact considerably, and their influence is evident in interpersonal and social systems’
relationships amongst the individuals making these committees. A committee must have clear
members’ roles, communication methods, stressors, decision-making processes, statuses, and the
power of the individuals. Keen analysis of the three systems of King’s theory plays a key role in
the entire process of forming a quality committee.
The initial step applied when forming a quality committee is identifying
individuals with common interests (Fronczek, Rouhana, & Kitchin, 2017). The
7
determination of these interests occurs through interaction which is a concept
linked to the interpersonal system. While outlining the responsibilities of each
committee member, King’s theory will be significant in determining the powers,
status, and authority of each personnel. Moreover, the theory will come in handy
in establishing the best method of communication, identifying stressors, and
separating roles towards a specific goal.
Theory Aligning with Practice Initiative
Any theory to prioritize patients and focus on improving nurse-patient care relationships
aligns with King’s conceptual system theory. In this regard, Orem’s self-care deficit theory has
several concepts aligning it with King’s theory. Firstly, both theories establish their foundations
in three interrelated concepts: Orem’s three self-care concepts and King’s three conceptual
systems. Secondly, in King’s theory, goal attainment entails a nursing process that demands
dependable communication strategies (Adib-Hajbaghery & Tahmouresi, 2018). A similar
principle exists in Orem’s theory, where nurses identify patients’ deficits and find ways to make
the process a success (Khademian, Kazemi Ara, & Gholamzadeh, 2020). Lastly, the relationship
between the two theories exists, given their focus on goals. They are applicable in any hospital
and clinic setting.
8
References
Adib-Hajbaghery, M. & Tahmouresi, M. (2018). Nurse–patient relationship based on the
imogene king’s theory of goal attainment. Nursing and Midwifery Studies, Vol. 7 (3), p.
141-144. Retrieved from https://www.nmsjournal.com/article.asp?issn=23221488;year=2018;volume=7;issue=3;spage=141;epage=144;aulast=Adib-Hajbaghery
Fronczek, A. E., Rouhana, N. A., & Kitchin, J. M. (2017). Enhancing telehealth education in
nursing: Applying King’s conceptual framework and theory of goal attainment. Nursing
Science Quarterly, 30(3), 209-213.
Khademian, Z., Kazemi Ara, F., & Gholamzadeh, S. (2020). The Effect of Self Care Education
Based on Orem’s Nursing Theory on Quality of Life and Self-Efficacy in Patients with
Hypertension: A Quasi-Experimental Study. International journal of community-based
nursing and midwifery. Vol. 8(2), 140–149. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.30476/IJCBNM.2020.81690.0
NAME: AMELIA WESSEH
CONCEPTS AND THEORIES IN NURSING N491
ASPEN UNIVERSITY
DR. MUELLER
DATE: 07/26/2021
Implement Roy’s adaptation model, Neuman’s
systems model
1.
Application of Roy’s adaptation model
2.
Self-concept
3.
Listening to patient’s story
4.
Stressors & treatment plan under Neuman’s model
People- Adaptive systems
Health- an individual’s or
group’s adaptive state
promoting integrity
Goal of nursing- promote
adaptation in the four modes
(Smith & Parker, 2014)
Figure 1: Representation of Adaptive
Systems (Jennings, 2017)
1. Assessing Behavior
Assess patient & group behaviors as an adaptive system
(Smith & Parker, 2014)
Assessment to include Johns’ support system
Determine relationship, family structure, decision-making,
& adaptive systems
Aim: Identify how behaviors could be used for adaptation
2. Assessing Stimuli
Stimuli- “the demands they face, and the problems posed
for them to solve” (Smith & Parker, 2014)
Focal- physiological pain and movement restriction
Contextual- absence from work, living arrangement
Residual- beliefs about healthcare; traumatic brain injury
knowledge & belief
3. Diagnosis of Adaptive State
1.
Johns is striving to adapt with the help of family
2.
Conflict due to lack of knowledge about traumatic
brain injury
3.
Self-concept & role function impaired due to
unemployment
Adaptive state- compensatory (actively seeking
compensation in adaptive state) (Smith & Parker, 2014)
4. Goals
Consider patient’s cognitive and emotional
orientation & adaptive modes (Jennings, 2017)
1.
Treatment adherence
•
2.
Patient’s rush to finish treatment, lack of knowledge
Work with social worker for employment
opportunity
•
Unemployment a source of frustration
5. Intervention
Treatment education & counseling
Educate on traumatic brain injury, relevant care,
treatment adherence
Social worker
Job search address self-concept & role function
6. Evaluation
Evaluation on an ongoing basis
1.
Patient coping with pain
2.
Understanding of traumatic brain injury, commitment
to treatment
3.
Job search & coping with unemployment
Self-concept- beliefs & feelings affecting behavior
(Smith & Parker, 2014)
Frustration due to unemployment/inability to work
Risk of low self-esteem, feelings of worthlessness
Collaborate with social worker in identifying
occupation
Accurate judgment of
patient feelings, beliefs,
values, understanding
(Jennings, 2017)
People have unique
adaptation
Demonstrates nursing as
science & art
Figure 2: Nurse-patient interaction in care
(O’Reilly-Folley, 2017)
Neuman’s systems model focus on
stressors
Core- basic survival mechanisms
and resources
Normal line- maintaining state of
wellness
Flexible line-buffer/protection
(Smith & Parker, 2014)
Figure 3: Neuman’s Model (Reed, 2013)
1.
Inability to cope with pain
•
Therapy including pharmacological pain
management
2.
Unemployment
•
Social worker assistance to find an opportunity
3. Distance from home to clinic
Consider
telehealth virtual consultation
visits
4. Inability to see Joe, friend
Video
calls for social interaction
Reed, K. (2013). Chapter 2: The Neuman systems model: Assumptions
and concepts. In Betty Neuman: The Neuman systems model (Edited by
Neuman, B). Sage Books. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483326566.n3
Smith, M., & Parker, M. (2014). Nursing theories and nursing practice (4th
ed.). Davis Company.
O’Reilly-Foley, G. (2017, Nov. 6). Nurse-patient relationships. Nursing
Standard. https://rcni.com/nursing-standard/revalidation/reflectiveaccounts/nurse-patient-relationships-122431
Jennings, K. M. (2017). The Roy adaptation model: A theoretical
framework for nurses providing care to individuals with anorexia
nervosa. ANS. Advances in Nursing Science, 40(4), 370.
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0000000000000175
1
Leininger and Watson Theories
Amelia Wesseh
Aspen University
Concepts and Theories in Nursing LMUS N491
Dr. Mueller
08/02/2021
2
Introduction
There is a great need to increase cultural competence in the nursing practice, and this
will make it easier for nurses to care for patients from diverse cultural backgrounds, as seen
in the cases of Mrs. Franklin-Jones and Claude Jean-Baptiste. Both Madeleine Leininger and
Jean Watson saw the need to define care as a significant element in promoting healing among
patients. The two theorists are quite particular on what needs to be done to enhance care,
love, and fast healing to patients from culturally diverse backgrounds. The paper discusses
cases related to the theorist and theories’ implication in nursing practice.
Case Study 1
Factors Considered in Planning for Mrs. Franklin-Jones Discharge
Fundamentally, Leininger’s Culture Care Model was popularized by Madeleine
Leininger’s. This model per se facilitates culturally competent nursing that entails
understanding different cultural values, preferences, behaviors, norms, and beliefs and
integrating the same in nursing care to enhance nursing care practice. Under Leininger’s
Culture Care Model, it is critical to address every aspect of the patient’s foods and meals
before their discharge (Smith & Parker, 2015). s feels a cultural attachment to the foods she
prepares and takes, for instance, the bush tea from Jamaica. Therefore, nurse Julie needs to
identify the patient’s foods and provide a clear guideline on the type of foods she ought to
take to prevent worsening her health conditions. The other factor to consider before
discharging Mrs. Franklin-Jones is her age. Seemingly, her age is contributing to her fading
memory. The patient informed the nurse that she forgets to take her medication; this can be
age-related. After determining the age-related factors contributing to her forgetfulness, the
nurse should create a schedule and ensure the patient follows it to the latter. According to
Smith and Parker (2015), nurses should ascertain the patient’s occupation and assess its
3
impacts on their recovery. There is a higher chance that the patient’s condition might worsen
because of her occupation or work pressure; therefore, the nurse should consider this factor
before discharging her.
Importance of Cultural Care Diversity in Delivering Nursing Care to Patients
To a significant extent, the theory of cultural care diversity is a significant aspect in
understanding a patient’s cultural background and using the information to influence the type
of care a patient needs to recover (Smith & Parker, 2015). The theory provides great
knowledge enabling nurses to establish a holistic approach to attend to the healthcare needs
of patients across a broad cultural spectrum. The theory is highly significant in the delivery of
nursing care as it promotes individualized care tailored to the patient’s medical needs and
cultural needs. Cultural competence in nursing care delivery helps nurses provide entirely
satisfying and fulfilling holistic care to patients while enhancing their experiences and
healthcare outcomes. The theory remains largely significant in nursing care delivery as it has
reduced cultural disparities in healthcare and promoted positive healthcare outcomes.
Besides, the theory of cultural care diversity has strengthened the patient-nursing
relationships and facilitated beneficial health outcomes.
Mrs. Franklin-Jones Care Plan, according to Leininger’s Cultural Care Diversity and
Universality
The patient’s care plan about the aftercare should entirely focus on reversing the
damage of her medical condition, reducing the medical effects, and health restoration. The
acre plan should start with assessing the patient’s cultural beliefs, age, and lifestyle. There is
an increased likelihood that the spike in high blood pressure is a result of biological traits.
The patient categorically stated that her mother died because of bad high blood pressure. In
this case, the care plan should include interventions to control the high blood pressure levels
4
and suppress the levels from spiking beyond dangerous levels. Imperatively, nurse Julie can
talk to the patient about the food and mineral intake that is likely to prevent the high blood
pressure from spiking out of control. Despite being accustomed to Jamaican foods and way of
life, she should adhere to the list of foods provided by the nurse to avoid worsening her
health. Another care plan should include the need to take some time off from her two jobs
because the pressures from the two jobs can contribute to poor health status. Also, Mrs.
Franklin-Jones should have a reminder that will enable her to take the medication on time.
Setting the reminders on her watch or phone will help ensure strict adherence to the
medication intake and promote good health.
limits to Leininger’s strengths and Theory
strengths
the theory is highly focused on integrating cultural practices and beliefs while
delivering nursing care to the patients (Smith & Parker, 2015). Therefore, it contributes to the
nurses’ cultural competence that promotes holistic care to patients across different cultural
backgrounds. Secondly, the theory breaks the ethical dilemma related to individual culture.
Thirdly, because of the theory’s universality, it ensures that patients across all nursing
disciplines are attended to accordingly and efficiently (McFarland & Wehbe-Alamah, 2017).
Also, the theory is easy to understand, enabling the nursing practice to deliver the best
culturally conscious health care to a diverse patient population.
Weaknesses
A significant limitation of this theory is that it is challenging for nurses to develop a
tailor-made care plan for patients with diverse cultural backgrounds. Therefore, the lack of a
clear understanding of transcultural background will strain the patient-nurse relationship.
Further, the cultural competence training and development programs are costly and time-
5
consuming (McFarland & Wehbe-Alamah, 2017). Finally, different patients have unique
cultural beliefs and practices; therefore, nurses must acquaint themselves with all cultural
practices and promote desirable health outcomes.
Case Study #2
Assumptions of the Transpersonal Caring Relationship and the Nurse’s Role
Essentially, the Jean Watson theory of human caring is better positioned to explain
Claude Jean-Baptiste, hip replacement condition. According to this theory, caring potentiates
human capabilities and re-generates great life energies. Jean Watson’s theory stresses the
nursing humanistic aspects that promote self-actualization at an individual and professional
level. Despite its benefits, the theory holds several assumptions. According to Smith and
Parks (2015), one of the theory’s main assumptions is that caring is practiced and
demonstrated best interpersonally. The other assumption is that caring involves carative
factors that contribute to satisfying some of a patient’s needs. The Jean Watson theory
assumes that effective care facilitates a person’s health which is extendable to the growth of
the patient’s family by meeting personal values and needs critical for self-actualization. The
other assumption is that whenever a person is provided with a caring environment, then the
patient has the potential and opportunity to make the best healthcare decisions (Barry, 2015).
the other assumption is that the concept of caring is central and complementary to the nursing
profession; as such, nurses are expected to show care to cure the patients.
The Concept of Love as Defined by Watson
Jean Watson contends that love is an entirely healing experience impacting every
individual. Love is contagious (Smith & Parker, 2015). The concept of love is evident in
Claude Jean-Baptiste’s case because the nurse’s intentions are a pure depiction of love.
Indeed, love is evident as the patient’s entry into the rehabilitation unit is met with welcoming
signs written in various languages, including Creole, the language the patient identifies with.
6
Also, love is evident in that caring moment because the nurses on that shift use a translation
line to ensure Claude Jean-Baptiste’s needs are met and satisfied. Besides, the nurse showed
love when they invited the patient to have a relative to understand better and meet his
healthcare needs. Love is seen when the patient is encouraged to bring spiritual care and food
items and share the warmth of his culture with the nurses. The nursing staff continues to
show Claude Jean-Baptiste’s love by going out of their way to ensure the patient is
comfortable and confident in his Haitian culture, which the nurses are eager to learn more.
The nursing staff’s caring and compassionate attitude are a pure depiction of love.
Using the Concept of the Self to Create a Healing Environment
In the nursing practice, it is entirely significant to create a healing environment that
promotes health, and wellness restores health and prevents illnesses. In its entirety, a healing
environment needs to be tranquil to reduce a patient’s stress and anxiety levels. As outlined
by Smith and Parker (2015), the concept of the self is significant to a patient’s wholesome
healing. It is, therefore, imperative for nurses to utilize the concept of the self to create a
healing environment for the patient at hand. Individual attributes and perceptions go a long
way in generating self-love for an individual. The nurses can promote a healing environment
by using the love they have for themselves and share the love with the patient. When this
happens, Claude Jean-Baptiste will feel loved, treasured, and cared for by the nursing staff.
Because the nursing staff is entirely concerned and compassionate towards Claude JeanBaptiste, his healing process is bound to be quick and wholesome.
The Strengths and Limits to Watson’s Theory
Strengths
As outlined by Smith and Parker (2015), the Watson theory guides the nursing
practice while helping them improve the entire nursing practice. The Watson theory is easy to
7
understand, and it is also relatable in describing factors like Caritas and carative. Besides, the
theory provides a philosophical and moral basis for nursing (Wei & Watson, 2019). It is
important to mention that the Watson theory stresses key aspects like health promotion,
peaceful death experiences, and preventing illnesses, thus enhancing generality.
Limitations
The Watson theory is criticized for its failure to provide an explicit and clear direction
on what needs to be accomplished to have authentic caring and healing relationships in the
nursing practice. Therefore, nurses who desire concrete and effective guidelines might shy
away from utilizing the Watson theory altogether (Wei & Watson, 2019). trying to integrate
the Caritas factors into the nursing practice can be a bit time-consuming as well.
Conclusion
Leininger’s Culture Care Model facilitates culturally competent nursing that entails
understanding different cultural values, preferences, behaviors, norms, and beliefs and
integrating the same in nursing care to enhance nursing care practice. As noted earlier, the
theory of cultural care diversity is a significant aspect in understanding a patient’s cultural
background and using the information to influence the type of care a patient needs to recover.
This theory contributes to the nurses’ cultural competence that promotes holistic care to
patients across different cultural backgrounds. Notably, the Watson theory stresses the
nursing humanistic aspects that promote self-actualization at an individual and professional
level. Watson’s theory is relevant to the nursing practice because of its excellent orientation to
the delivery of nursing care.
8
References
Barry, K. L. (2015). Nursing case studies in caring: Across the practice spectrum. Springer
Publishing Company.
McFarland, M. R., & Wehbe-Alamah, H. B. (2017). Theory of culture care diversity and
universality. Nursing Theorists and Their Work-E-Book, 339.
Smith, M. C., & Parker, M. E. (2015). Nursing theory and the discipline of nursing. Nursing
theories and nursing practice, 3-18.
Wei, H., & Watson, J. (2019). Healthcare interprofessional team members’ perspectives on
human caring: A directed content analysis study. International journal of nursing
sciences, 6(1), 17-23.
1
Leininger and Watson Theories
Amelia Wesseh
Aspen University
Concepts and Theories in Nursing LMUS N491
Dr. Mueller
08/02/2021
2
Introduction
There is a great need to increase cultural competence in the nursing practice, and this
will make it easier for nurses to care for patients from diverse cultural backgrounds, as seen
in the cases of Mrs. Franklin-Jones and Claude Jean-Baptiste. Both Madeleine Leininger and
Jean Watson saw the need to define care as a significant element in promoting healing among
patients. The two theorists are quite particular on what needs to be done to enhance care,
love, and fast healing to patients from culturally diverse backgrounds. The paper discusses
cases related to the theorist and theories’ implication in nursing practice.
Case Study 1
Factors Considered in Planning for Mrs. Franklin-Jones Discharge
Fundamentally, Leininger’s Culture Care Model was popularized by Madeleine
Leininger’s. This model per se facilitates culturally competent nursing that entails
understanding different cultural values, preferences, behaviors, norms, and beliefs and
integrating the same in nursing care to enhance nursing care practice. Under Leininger’s
Culture Care Model, it is critical to address every aspect of the patient’s foods and meals
before their discharge (Smith & Parker, 2015). s feels a cultural attachment to the foods she
prepares and takes, for instance, the bush tea from Jamaica. Therefore, nurse Julie needs to
identify the patient’s foods and provide a clear guideline on the type of foods she ought to
take to prevent worsening her health conditions. The other factor to consider before
discharging Mrs. Franklin-Jones is her age. Seemingly, her age is contributing to her fading
memory. The patient informed the nurse that she forgets to take her medication; this can be
age-related. After determining the age-related factors contributing to her forgetfulness, the
nurse should create a schedule and ensure the patient follows it to the latter. According to
Smith and Parker (2015), nurses should ascertain the patient’s occupation and assess its
3
impacts on their recovery. There is a higher chance that the patient’s condition might worsen
because of her occupation or work pressure; therefore, the nurse should consider this factor
before discharging her.
Importance of Cultural Care Diversity in Delivering Nursing Care to Patients
To a significant extent, the theory of cultural care diversity is a significant aspect in
understanding a patient’s cultural background and using the information to influence the type
of care a patient needs to recover (Smith & Parker, 2015). The theory provides great
knowledge enabling nurses to establish a holistic approach to attend to the healthcare needs
of patients across a broad cultural spectrum. The theory is highly significant in the delivery of
nursing care as it promotes individualized care tailored to the patient’s medical needs and
cultural needs. Cultural competence in nursing care delivery helps nurses provide entirely
satisfying and fulfilling holistic care to patients while enhancing their experiences and
healthcare outcomes. The theory remains largely significant in nursing care delivery as it has
reduced cultural disparities in healthcare and promoted positive healthcare outcomes.
Besides, the theory of cultural care diversity has strengthened the patient-nursing
relationships and facilitated beneficial health outcomes.
Mrs. Franklin-Jones Care Plan, according to Leininger’s Cultural Care Diversity and
Universality
The patient’s care plan about the aftercare should entirely focus on reversing the
damage of her medical condition, reducing the medical effects, and health restoration. The
acre plan should start with assessing the patient’s cultural beliefs, age, and lifestyle. There is
an increased likelihood that the spike in high blood pressure is a result of biological traits.
The patient categorically stated that her mother died because of bad high blood pressure. In
this case, the care plan should include interventions to control the high blood pressure levels
4
and suppress the levels from spiking beyond dangerous levels. Imperatively, nurse Julie can
talk to the patient about the food and mineral intake that is likely to prevent the high blood
pressure from spiking out of control. Despite being accustomed to Jamaican foods and way of
life, she should adhere to the list of foods provided by the nurse to avoid worsening her
health. Another care plan should include the need to take some time off from her two jobs
because the pressures from the two jobs can contribute to poor health status. Also, Mrs.
Franklin-Jones should have a reminder that will enable her to take the medication on time.
Setting the reminders on her watch or phone will help ensure strict adherence to the
medication intake and promote good health.
limits to Leininger’s strengths and Theory
strengths
the theory is highly focused on integrating cultural practices and beliefs while
delivering nursing care to the patients (Smith & Parker, 2015). Therefore, it contributes to the
nurses’ cultural competence that promotes holistic care to patients across different cultural
backgrounds. Secondly, the theory breaks the ethical dilemma related to individual culture.
Thirdly, because of the theory’s universality, it ensures that patients across all nursing
disciplines are attended to accordingly and efficiently (McFarland & Wehbe-Alamah, 2017).
Also, the theory is easy to understand, enabling the nursing practice to deliver the best
culturally conscious health care to a diverse patient population.
Weaknesses
A significant limitation of this theory is that it is challenging for nurses to develop a
tailor-made care plan for patients with diverse cultural backgrounds. Therefore, the lack of a
clear understanding of transcultural background will strain the patient-nurse relationship.
Further, the cultural competence training and development programs are costly and time-
5
consuming (McFarland & Wehbe-Alamah, 2017). Finally, different patients have unique
cultural beliefs and practices; therefore, nurses must acquaint themselves with all cultural
practices and promote desirable health outcomes.
Case Study #2
Assumptions of the Transpersonal Caring Relationship and the Nurse’s Role
Essentially, the Jean Watson theory of human caring is better positioned to explain
Claude Jean-Baptiste, hip replacement condition. According to this theory, caring potentiates
human capabilities and re-generates great life energies. Jean Watson’s theory stresses the
nursing humanistic aspects that promote self-actualization at an individual and professional
level. Despite its benefits, the theory holds several assumptions. According to Smith and
Parks (2015), one of the theory’s main assumptions is that caring is practiced and
demonstrated best interpersonally. The other assumption is that caring involves carative
factors that contribute to satisfying some of a patient’s needs. The Jean Watson theory
assumes that effective care facilitates a person’s health which is extendable to the growth of
the patient’s family by meeting personal values and needs critical for self-actualization. The
other assumption is that whenever a person is provided with a caring environment, then the
patient has the potential and opportunity to make the best healthcare decisions (Barry, 2015).
the other assumption is that the concept of caring is central and complementary to the nursing
profession; as such, nurses are expected to show care to cure the patients.
The Concept of Love as Defined by Watson
Jean Watson contends that love is an entirely healing experience impacting every
individual. Love is contagious (Smith & Parker, 2015). The concept of love is evident in
Claude Jean-Baptiste’s case because the nurse’s intentions are a pure depiction of love.
Indeed, love is evident as the patient’s entry into the rehabilitation unit is met with welcoming
signs written in various languages, including Creole, the language the patient identifies with.
6
Also, love is evident in that caring moment because the nurses on that shift use a translation
line to ensure Claude Jean-Baptiste’s needs are met and satisfied. Besides, the nurse showed
love when they invited the patient to have a relative to understand better and meet his
healthcare needs. Love is seen when the patient is encouraged to bring spiritual care and food
items and share the warmth of his culture with the nurses. The nursing staff continues to
show Claude Jean-Baptiste’s love by going out of their way to ensure the patient is
comfortable and confident in his Haitian culture, which the nurses are eager to learn more.
The nursing staff’s caring and compassionate attitude are a pure depiction of love.
Using the Concept of the Self to Create a Healing Environment
In the nursing practice, it is entirely significant to create a healing environment that
promotes health, and wellness restores health and prevents illnesses. In its entirety, a healing
environment needs to be tranquil to reduce a patient’s stress and anxiety levels. As outlined
by Smith and Parker (2015), the concept of the self is significant to a patient’s wholesome
healing. It is, therefore, imperative for nurses to utilize the concept of the self to create a
healing environment for the patient at hand. Individual attributes and perceptions go a long
way in generating self-love for an individual. The nurses can promote a healing environment
by using the love they have for themselves and share the love with the patient. When this
happens, Claude Jean-Baptiste will feel loved, treasured, and cared for by the nursing staff.
Because the nursing staff is entirely concerned and compassionate towards Claude JeanBaptiste, his healing process is bound to be quick and wholesome.
The Strengths and Limits to Watson’s Theory
Strengths
As outlined by Smith and Parker (2015), the Watson theory guides the nursing
practice while helping them improve the entire nursing practice. The Watson theory is easy to
7
understand, and it is also relatable in describing factors like Caritas and carative. Besides, the
theory provides a philosophical and moral basis for nursing (Wei & Watson, 2019). It is
important to mention that the Watson theory stresses key aspects like health promotion,
peaceful death experiences, and preventing illnesses, thus enhancing generality.
Limitations
The Watson theory is criticized for its failure to provide an explicit and clear direction
on what needs to be accomplished to have authentic caring and healing relationships in the
nursing practice. Therefore, nurses who desire concrete and effective guidelines might shy
away from utilizing the Watson theory altogether (Wei & Watson, 2019). trying to integrate
the Caritas factors into the nursing practice can be a bit time-consuming as well.
Conclusion
Leininger’s Culture Care Model facilitates culturally competent nursing that entails
understanding different cultural values, preferences, behaviors, norms, and beliefs and
integrating the same in nursing care to enhance nursing care practice. As noted earlier, the
theory of cultural care diversity is a significant aspect in understanding a patient’s cultural
background and using the information to influence the type of care a patient needs to recover.
This theory contributes to the nurses’ cultural competence that promotes holistic care to
patients across different cultural backgrounds. Notably, the Watson theory stresses the
nursing humanistic aspects that promote self-actualization at an individual and professional
level. Watson’s theory is relevant to the nursing practice because of its excellent orientation to
the delivery of nursing care.
8
References
Barry, K. L. (2015). Nursing case studies in caring: Across the practice spectrum. Springer
Publishing Company.
McFarland, M. R., & Wehbe-Alamah, H. B. (2017). Theory of culture care diversity and
universality. Nursing Theorists and Their Work-E-Book, 339.
Smith, M. C., & Parker, M. E. (2015). Nursing theory and the discipline of nursing. Nursing
theories and nursing practice, 3-18.
Wei, H., & Watson, J. (2019). Healthcare interprofessional team members’ perspectives on
human caring: A directed content analysis study. International journal of nursing
sciences, 6(1), 17-23.
1
Parse’s Human Becoming Theory
Amelia Wesseh
Aspen University
Concepts and Theories N491
Mueller
08/09/2021
2
Parse’s Human Becoming Theory
Nurse Actualization of Parse’s Theory of Human Becoming
From the presented case study, the nurse may actualize Parse’s theory of human
becoming through paying special attention to the embedded tenets in community health nursing.
To do this, the nurse may have considered the PRISM model that is found to be in line with the
human becoming theory. The PRISM framework is aimed at identifying the strengths and
weaknesses of routine health information systems. One of the focuses of the nurse in Ben’s case
is ensuring he receives quality care following the passing of his wife. To attain this goal, the
nurse is required to develop a relationship with Ben. The relationship aims at providing him with
a clear understanding of the situation at hand, come up with a goal on how to deal with the
situation, and help him achieve the goal. By implementing the concepts of rhythmicity, meaning,
and transcendence, the nurse, comes into the right position to provide quality care to Ben
(Donohue-Porter et al., 2017). The nurse needs to illuminate meaning on Ben regarding the death
of his wife. This enables the nurse to put themselves in Ben’s shoes and handle the situation from
Ben’s perspective. Through rhythm integration, the nurse associates themselves with Ben’s
hopes, feelings, thoughts, and values. The transcendence concept will help the nurse follow Ben’s
lead when dealing and coping with the present situation.
Characteristics of Human Becoming Theory
The three main attributes associated with the human becoming theory are meaning,
rhythmicity, and transcendence. Through meaning, human becoming helps one choose personal
meaning in situations presented in their living environment. Furthermore, through experiences
that man undergoes during his existence, they can draw meaning. Shortly, man and environment
3
are said to co-create while giving meaning to each other. The other attribute associated with the
human becoming theory is rhythmicity which implies that man and environment co-create in a
rhythmical pattern (Kim & So 2019). This pattern is achieved through language, valuing, and
imaging the various perspectives and relating them to each other. Finally, transcendence brings
in the idea of reaching far and beyond the set limits that a person may associate themselves with.
A person is in continuous transformation, and different aspects of man are revealed during the
respective situations. Through the theory, a nurse stands a chance of being “with” the patient in
terms of thoughts, feelings, and situations as they establish a relationship with each other.
Strengths and Weaknesses of Human Becoming Theory
Every nursing theory is associated with its strengths and weaknesses. One of the strengths
associated with the human becoming theory is that it differentiates nursing from other
disciplines. This implies that nursing is provided a greater role compared to other healthcare
disciplines. Also, the theory provides concepts, assumptions, and principles necessary for the
delivery of sound and quality care to the patients. One of the weaknesses of the theory is that it
offers no room for expansion (Ortiz 2020). There is always a need for nursing theories to be
researched further to provide more detailed information and help nurses deal with different
situations within the healthcare industry. This is not the case for the human becoming theory.
However, the results from the theory are often difficult to quantify as it does not employ any
nursing diagnoses and undermines individual uniqueness. Another notable weakness of the
theory is that it may not be employed in emergency departments.
Challenges in Adopting Human Becoming Theory in Nursing
Switching to the human becoming theory may be a challenge to any healthcare that may
be willing to implement it. One challenge in adopting the theory in a healthcare setting is that it
4
may not be employed in an emergency setting. Healthcare facilities tend to emphasize theories
that may be used in almost every aspect of a healthcare facility which is not the case for the
human becoming theory. Secondly, the theory may not apply to a nurse who has just started in
the field. It is difficult for a nurse to understand the real meaning and relationship people derive
from the environment. A nurse needs to have interacted with patients on different occasions to
devise the relationship between man and environment, which is the key basis for the human
becoming theory. Healthcare institutions may view nurses and humans as different (Kim & So
2019). This view makes it difficult for nurses to develop a relationship with the patient; hence,
implementing it becomes a huge challenge. Since the theory lacks quantifiable outcomes, with
most healthcare institutions looking for patients with quantifiable outcomes, the theory may not
work. The theory also fails to consider that every person lives life differently and secludes people
in one closed circle with similar views. These challenges have made it difficult for healthcare
institutions to shift towards the human becoming theory nursing approach.
Role of Understanding Transcendence
To provide Ben with the necessary help in dealing with the death of his wife, the nurse
needs to understand what transcendence is. Easily defined, transcendence implies going beyond
the physical limits that a person is associated with (Parse 2018). A person is in constant
transformation hence can go beyond what they are now. However, to do this, important forces
need to come into play. Ben is looking at more than what is in front of him. As he looks through
the window, Ben sees a shooting star and takes it to resemble his daughter and grandchild, who
are deceased. He takes this as a sign of dealing with the death of his wife and the assurance that
they will all be at the same place and that he will join them one day. The nurse should allow Ben
the chance to talk and share his thoughts as this is the way he deals with the situation at hand.
5
The nurse needs to help Ben find joy when he can. Through the shooting star, Ben receives
comfort and is seen to arrive at peace with his wife’s impending death. Through the application
of Parse’s Understanding of Transcendence, the nurse puts himself in Ben’s shoes and
understands that he is referring to his daughter and grandchild. Through this understanding, the
nurse may provide further comfort to Ben and help him deal with the situation more amicable.
Additional Nursing Theory for the Case
Another nursing theory that would be employed in the case study would be Leininger’s
Theory of Transcultural Nursing. The nurse in the presented scenario wants to offer Ben and his
family care in line with their culture and beliefs (Ray 2019). The care the nurse is delivering is
not based on their culture or race but instead focuses on the patient’s welfare beliefs and lifestyle.
This emphasis shapes the reason for care provision.
Plan of Care
The plan of care for the presented scenario would involve Ben, the patient’s husband, and
Ann. The nursing diagnosis from the scenario would be anticipatory grieving. This diagnosis
would be related to Ann’s perceived death. Ann is presented as powerless and on the verge of
death, and nothing can be done to regain her life. The result from the situation is that the husband
and family would benefit gladly from spiritual strength. The intervention that the nurse should
implement would be first to develop a trustworthy relationship with Ben. This relationship would
be further extended to the family members. Moreover, the nurse would be required to provide a
non-judgmental environment for the patient and family. The two nursing theories may be
employed in this case scenario as they aim to provide access to the spiritual well-being of dealing
with death. They are focused on more than the physical plane that presents itself in the healthcare
setting.
6
7
References
Donohue-Porter, P., Forbes, M. O., White, J. H., & Baumann, S. L. (2017). Transforming
nursing education and the formation of students: Using the human becoming paradigm.
Nursing science quarterly, 30(2), 134-142.
Kim, J. E., & So, H. S. (2019). Experience of hope in terminal cancer patients: Applying Parse’s
human becoming methodology. Asian Oncology Nursing, 19(2), 55-70.
Ortiz, M. R. (2020). Patient Engagement, Nursing Theory, and Policy Possibilities. Nursing
Science Quarterly, 33(3), 268-271.
Parse, R. R. (2018). The human becoming concept inventing model: A reprise and more. Nursing
science quarterly, 31(2), 157-159.
Ray, M. A. (2019). Remembering: My Story of the Founder of Transcultural Nursing, the Late
Madeleine M. Leininger, PhD, LHD, DS, RN, CTN, FAAN, FRCNA (Born: July 13,
1925; Died: August 10, 2012).
