Statistics Immigration Justice Essay

IMMIGRATION JUSTICE

Immigration Justice.

1- Using the attached table “Profile of the Unauthorized Population: the United States”, create a graph (Histogram, Polygon, Pie Chart, Pareto…) for minimum 8 of the following variables: (there are 16 tables, you must do minimum 8 graphs)

a- Demographics

· Top Countries of Birth.

· Regions of Birth.

· Years of U.S. Residence.

· Age.

· Gender.

b- Family

· Parental Status.

· Marital Status.

c- Education and Language

· School Enrollment of Children and Youth.

· Educational Attainment of Adults.

· English Proficiency.

· Top 5 Languages Spoken at Home.

d- Workforce

· Labor Force Participation.

· Top Industries of Employment

e- Economics

· Family Income.

· Access to Health Insurance.

· Home Ownership.

2- Analyze each of the graphs using descriptive statistics. Describe your findings for each of them.

3- Analyze the main research topics by Interconnecting the variables in each of the 5 topics (demographics, family, education and language, workforce, and economics). Describe how they are related.

4- Interconnect the 5 topics with respect to each other. Describe how they are related.

5- Infer about your findings and express your position on accepting or not immigration reform.

6- After analyzing the general findings, explain the pros and cons of immigration reform.

7- Express your own conclusion about Immigration Justice in the United States.

Profile of the Unauthorized Population: United States
Demographics
Estimate
% of Total
Unauthorized Population
11,022,000
100%
Top Countries of Birth
Mexico
6,194,000
56%
Guatemala
704,000
6%
El Salvador
436,000
4%
Honduras
317,000
3%
China
285,000
3%
Regions of Birth
Mexico and Central America
7,797,000
71%
Caribbean
260,000
2%
South America
690,000
6%
Europe/Canada/Oceania
423,000
4%
Asia
1,509,000
14%
Africa
342,000
3%
Years of U.S. Residence
Less than 5
2,290,000
21%
5 to 9
3,184,000
29%
10 to 14
2,696,000
24%
15 to 19
1,260,000
11%
20 or more
1,591,000
14%
Age
Under 16
863,000
8%
16 to 24
1,815,000
16%
25 to 34
3,329,000
30%
35 to 44
2,753,000
25%
45 to 54
1,408,000
13%
55 and over
854,000
8%
Gender
Female
5,039,000
46%
Male
5,983,000
54%
Profile of the Unauthorized Population: United States
Demographics
Estimate
% of Total
Unauthorized Population
11,022,000
100%
Family
Estimate
% of Total
Parental Status
Population ages 15 and older
10,281,000
100%
Reside with at least one U.S.-citizen child under 18
3,348,000
33%
Reside with noncitizen children only under 18
619,000
6%
Reside with no children
6,313,000
61%
Marital Status
Population ages 15 and older
10,281,000
100%
Never married
4,153,000
40%
Married to a U.S. citizen
813,000
8%
Married to a legal permanent resident (LPR)
649,000
6%
Married to non-U.S. citizen/non-LPR
2,688,000
26%
Divorced, separated, widowed
1,978,000
19%
Profile of the Unauthorized Population: United States
Estimate
Demographics
Education and Language
Estimate
% of Total
School Enrollment of Children and Youth
Population ages 3 to 17
1,096,000
100%
Enrolled
1,005,000
92%
Not enrolled
91,000
8%
Population ages 3 to 12
509,000
100%
Enrolled
461,000
90%
Not enrolled
49,000
10%
Population ages 13 to 17
587,000
100%
Enrolled
545,000
93%
Not enrolled
42,000
7%
Population ages 18 to 24
1,549,000
100%
Enrolled
425,000
27%
Not enrolled
1,124,000
73%
Educational Attainment of Adults
Population ages 25 and older
8,344,000
100%
0-5 grade
1,105,000
13%
6-8 grade
1,675,000
20%
9-12 grade
1,435,000
17%
High school diploma or GED
2,028,000
24%
Some college or associate’s degree
989,000
12%
Bachelor’s, graduate, or professional degree
1,112,000
13%
English Proficiency
Population ages 5 and older
10,945,000
100%
Speak only English
798,000
7%
Speak English “very well”
2,439,000
22%
Speak English “well”
2,261,000
21%
Speak English “not well”/”not at all”
5,448,000
50%
Top 5 Languages Spoken at Home
Population ages 5 and older
10,945,000
100%
Spanish
8,133,000
74%
English
801,000
7%
Hindi and related
284,000
3%
Chinese
276,000
3%
Korean
183,000
2%
% of Total
Profile of the Unauthorized Population: United States
Unauthorized Population
11,022,000
100%
Workforce
Estimate
% of Total
Profile of the Unauthorized Population: United States
Labor Force Participation
Civilian population ages 16 and older
10,159,000
100%
Employed
6,483,000
64%
Unemployed
781,000
8%
Not in the labor force
2,894,000
28%
Top Industries of Employment*
Civilian employed population ages 16 and older
7,827,000
100%
Arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services
1,382,000
18%
Construction
1,253,000
16%
Professional, scientific, management, administrative, and waste management
1,042,000
13%
Manufacturing
924,000
12%
Retail trade
692,000
9%
Demographics
Estimate
% of Total
Unauthorized Population
11,022,000
100%
Economics
Estimate
% of Total
Family Income
Below 50% of the poverty level
1,496,000
14%
50-99% of the poverty level
2,011,000
18%
100-149% of the poverty level
1,995,000
18%
150-199% of the poverty level
1,601,000
15%
At or above 200% of the poverty level
3,919,000
36%
Access to Health Insurance
Uninsured
6,954,000
63%
Home Ownership**
Homeowner
3,457,000
31%
Profile of the Unauthorized Population: United States
Demographics
Estimate
% of Total
Unauthorized Population
11,022,000
100%
Deferred Action
Estimate
% of Total
Childhood arrivals (DACA, 2012 program rules)***
1,165,000
11%
Childhood arrivals (DACA, 2012 rules + 2014 expansions)***
1,439,000
13%
Parents of U.S. citizens or LPRs (DAPA) ****
3,605,000
33%
Source: Migration Policy Institute (MPI) analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data from the 2013 American Community
Survey (ACS), 2009-2013 ACS pooled, and the 2008 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) by James
Bachmeier of Temple University and Jennifer Van Hook of The Pennsylvania State University, Population Research
Institute. Data for the DACA estimates are modeled using U.S. Census Bureau data from the 2013 ACS and the
2008 SIPP in order to account for the required entry dates of June 2007 for the DACA program under the 2012
program rules and January 2010 under the 2014 expansions. Estimates of the deferred action program for parents are
from U.S. Census Bureau, 2009-2013 ACS data and 2008 SIPP data.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Data-related notes
* “Top Industries of Employment” are those in which unauthorized immigrants were employed at the time of the
survey or during the last five years. “Other services” are miscellaneous services, not including the following services
listed separately: (1) professional, scientific, management, administrative, and waste management services; (2)
educational, health and social services; and (3) arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services.
** “Homeowners” are unauthorized immigrants residing in homes that are owned, not rented.
*** To be eligible for the original Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, as announced in June
2012, unauthorized immigrants must have entered the U.S. before age 16; have a high school degree or equivalent,
or be enrolled in a qualifying education program; and be between ages 15 and 30. They must also have entered the
U.S. by June 2007 (modeled as any time during 2007 in our data). The population immediately eligible for
DACA excludes individuals who will age into eligibility when they reach their 15th birthday as well as those who
lack a high school education and are not currently enrolled in school, but who may become eligible for DACA if
they enroll in a qualifying adult education program. Additional criteria such as passing a criminal background check
cannot be modeled. The DACA eligibility expansions announced in November 2014 included eliminating the
maximum age of 30 and moving forward the date of initial required residence from June 2007 to January 2010. Our
estimates include populations immediately eligible under the original 2012 DACA program as well as the
expansions announced in November 2014.
**** The population eligible for Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents
(DAPA), as announced in November 2014, includes unauthorized immigrants residing continuously in the United
States since January 2010 and who are parents of U.S. citizens or legal permanent residents (regardless of the child’s
age). The estimates for the DAPA program exclude individuals eligible for the DACA program. Additional criteria
such as passing a criminal background check cannot be modeled.
“School Enrollment of Children and Youth” refers to unauthorized immigrants who reported attending school or
college at any time in the three months prior to the survey.
For languages, “Chinese” includes Mandarin, Cantonese, and other Chinese languages; “English” includes
English, Jamaican Creole, Krio, and Pidgin Krio; “French” includes French, Patois, French or Haitian Creole, and
Cajun; “Hindi and related” includes Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, Gujarati, Sindhi, Sinhalese, and
Kannada; “Sub-Saharan African” includes Bantu, Swahili, Mande, Fulani, Kru, and other African languages;
“Tagalog/Other Filipino” includes Tagalog, Bisayan, Sebuano, Llocano, and Hocano.
“-“estimates are zero, not applicable, or not displayed due to small sample size.
Percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding.
Profile of the Unauthorized Population: United States
Demographics
Estimate
% of Total
Unauthorized Population
11,022,000
100%
Top Countries of Birth
Mexico
6,194,000
56%
Guatemala
704,000
6%
El Salvador
436,000
4%
Honduras
317,000
3%
China
285,000
3%
Regions of Birth
Mexico and Central America
7,797,000
71%
Caribbean
260,000
2%
South America
690,000
6%
Europe/Canada/Oceania
423,000
4%
Asia
1,509,000
14%
Africa
342,000
3%
Years of U.S. Residence
Less than 5
2,290,000
21%
5 to 9
3,184,000
29%
10 to 14
2,696,000
24%
15 to 19
1,260,000
11%
20 or more
1,591,000
14%
Age
Under 16
863,000
8%
16 to 24
1,815,000
16%
25 to 34
3,329,000
30%
35 to 44
2,753,000
25%
45 to 54
1,408,000
13%
55 and over
854,000
8%
Gender
Female
5,039,000
46%
Male
5,983,000
54%
Profile of the Unauthorized Population: United States
Demographics
Estimate
% of Total
Unauthorized Population
11,022,000
100%
Family
Estimate
% of Total
Parental Status
Population ages 15 and older
10,281,000
100%
Reside with at least one U.S.-citizen child under 18
3,348,000
33%
Reside with noncitizen children only under 18
619,000
6%
Reside with no children
6,313,000
61%
Marital Status
Population ages 15 and older
10,281,000
100%
Never married
4,153,000
40%
Married to a U.S. citizen
813,000
8%
Married to a legal permanent resident (LPR)
649,000
6%
Married to non-U.S. citizen/non-LPR
2,688,000
26%
Divorced, separated, widowed
1,978,000
19%
Profile of the Unauthorized Population: United States
Estimate
Demographics
Education and Language
Estimate
% of Total
School Enrollment of Children and Youth
Population ages 3 to 17
1,096,000
100%
Enrolled
1,005,000
92%
Not enrolled
91,000
8%
Population ages 3 to 12
509,000
100%
Enrolled
461,000
90%
Not enrolled
49,000
10%
Population ages 13 to 17
587,000
100%
Enrolled
545,000
93%
Not enrolled
42,000
7%
Population ages 18 to 24
1,549,000
100%
Enrolled
425,000
27%
Not enrolled
1,124,000
73%
Educational Attainment of Adults
Population ages 25 and older
8,344,000
100%
0-5 grade
1,105,000
13%
6-8 grade
1,675,000
20%
9-12 grade
1,435,000
17%
High school diploma or GED
2,028,000
24%
Some college or associate’s degree
989,000
12%
Bachelor’s, graduate, or professional degree
1,112,000
13%
English Proficiency
Population ages 5 and older
10,945,000
100%
Speak only English
798,000
7%
Speak English “very well”
2,439,000
22%
Speak English “well”
2,261,000
21%
Speak English “not well”/”not at all”
5,448,000
50%
Top 5 Languages Spoken at Home
Population ages 5 and older
10,945,000
100%
Spanish
8,133,000
74%
English
801,000
7%
Hindi and related
284,000
3%
Chinese
276,000
3%
Korean
183,000
2%
% of Total
Profile of the Unauthorized Population: United States
Unauthorized Population
11,022,000
100%
Workforce
Estimate
% of Total
Profile of the Unauthorized Population: United States
Labor Force Participation
Civilian population ages 16 and older
10,159,000
100%
Employed
6,483,000
64%
Unemployed
781,000
8%
Not in the labor force
2,894,000
28%
Top Industries of Employment*
Civilian employed population ages 16 and older
7,827,000
100%
Arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services
1,382,000
18%
Construction
1,253,000
16%
Professional, scientific, management, administrative, and waste management
1,042,000
13%
Manufacturing
924,000
12%
Retail trade
692,000
9%
Demographics
Estimate
% of Total
Unauthorized Population
11,022,000
100%
Economics
Estimate
% of Total
Family Income
Below 50% of the poverty level
1,496,000
14%
50-99% of the poverty level
2,011,000
18%
100-149% of the poverty level
1,995,000
18%
150-199% of the poverty level
1,601,000
15%
At or above 200% of the poverty level
3,919,000
36%
Access to Health Insurance
Uninsured
6,954,000
63%
Home Ownership**
Homeowner
3,457,000
31%
Profile of the Unauthorized Population: United States
Demographics
Estimate
% of Total
Unauthorized Population
11,022,000
100%
Deferred Action
Estimate
% of Total
Childhood arrivals (DACA, 2012 program rules)***
1,165,000
11%
Childhood arrivals (DACA, 2012 rules + 2014 expansions)***
1,439,000
13%
Parents of U.S. citizens or LPRs (DAPA) ****
3,605,000
33%
Source: Migration Policy Institute (MPI) analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data from the 2013 American Community
Survey (ACS), 2009-2013 ACS pooled, and the 2008 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) by James
Bachmeier of Temple University and Jennifer Van Hook of The Pennsylvania State University, Population Research
Institute. Data for the DACA estimates are modeled using U.S. Census Bureau data from the 2013 ACS and the
2008 SIPP in order to account for the required entry dates of June 2007 for the DACA program under the 2012
program rules and January 2010 under the 2014 expansions. Estimates of the deferred action program for parents are
from U.S. Census Bureau, 2009-2013 ACS data and 2008 SIPP data.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Data-related notes
* “Top Industries of Employment” are those in which unauthorized immigrants were employed at the time of the
survey or during the last five years. “Other services” are miscellaneous services, not including the following services
listed separately: (1) professional, scientific, management, administrative, and waste management services; (2)
educational, health and social services; and (3) arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services.
** “Homeowners” are unauthorized immigrants residing in homes that are owned, not rented.
*** To be eligible for the original Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, as announced in June
2012, unauthorized immigrants must have entered the U.S. before age 16; have a high school degree or equivalent,
or be enrolled in a qualifying education program; and be between ages 15 and 30. They must also have entered the
U.S. by June 2007 (modeled as any time during 2007 in our data). The population immediately eligible for
DACA excludes individuals who will age into eligibility when they reach their 15th birthday as well as those who
lack a high school education and are not currently enrolled in school, but who may become eligible for DACA if
they enroll in a qualifying adult education program. Additional criteria such as passing a criminal background check
cannot be modeled. The DACA eligibility expansions announced in November 2014 included eliminating the
maximum age of 30 and moving forward the date of initial required residence from June 2007 to January 2010. Our
estimates include populations immediately eligible under the original 2012 DACA program as well as the
expansions announced in November 2014.
**** The population eligible for Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents
(DAPA), as announced in November 2014, includes unauthorized immigrants residing continuously in the United
States since January 2010 and who are parents of U.S. citizens or legal permanent residents (regardless of the child’s
age). The estimates for the DAPA program exclude individuals eligible for the DACA program. Additional criteria
such as passing a criminal background check cannot be modeled.
“School Enrollment of Children and Youth” refers to unauthorized immigrants who reported attending school or
college at any time in the three months prior to the survey.
For languages, “Chinese” includes Mandarin, Cantonese, and other Chinese languages; “English” includes
English, Jamaican Creole, Krio, and Pidgin Krio; “French” includes French, Patois, French or Haitian Creole, and
Cajun; “Hindi and related” includes Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, Gujarati, Sindhi, Sinhalese, and
Kannada; “Sub-Saharan African” includes Bantu, Swahili, Mande, Fulani, Kru, and other African languages;
“Tagalog/Other Filipino” includes Tagalog, Bisayan, Sebuano, Llocano, and Hocano.
“-“estimates are zero, not applicable, or not displayed due to small sample size.
Percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding.